Spectroscopy - June 2009 - (Page 14) 14 Spectroscopy 24(6) June 2009 w w w. s p e c t r o s c o p y o n l i n e . c o m The Baseline Auger Spectroscopy Some forms of spectroscopy involve actions other than measuring a property of light. In the case of this form of spectroscopy, the energies of emitted electrons are measured. David W. Ball I n 1923, Austrian physicist Lise Meitner reported on the emission of electrons from atoms that were bombarded with other electrons (1). In 1925, French physicist Pierre Auger reported the same effect, and correctly attributed it to an excited-state atom that is giving off energy by releasing an upper-quantum state electron (2). Because the energies of these electrons are element-specific, it forms the basis of a type of spectroscopy. Auger spectroscopy was born. (Once again, Meitner is shut out. Many science historians believe that she should have shared Otto Hahn’s 1944 Nobel Prize in chemistry for the discovery of nuclear fission. The use of “Auger” to name this form of spectroscopy is thus another example of an instance where Meitner might not be getting the credit she deserves.) Auger (pronounced “oh-ZHAY”) spectroscopy can be considered a form of X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) (3), at least in one of its guises. For about 30 years after its formal discovery, it actually was thought of as a nuisance in the performance of XPS. However, since the 1950s, technology has advanced to be able to take advantage of the effect as a separate spectroscopic technique (4). The kinetic energy of the ejected electron, KE, can be approximated by the energy levels of the original electrons involved: KE = E1 E2 E3 where E1, E2 , and E3 are the original energies of the first core electron, the second electron that moves down, and the third electron that gets ejected, respectively. There is supposed to be a correction for the third energy, because it is actually an energy of the ion, not the atom, but these are usually ignored. Because three electrons are involved, Auger spectroscopy is not used to detect hydrogen or helium but can be utilized for any heavier element. Because the energy levels of the elements typically are well-known, Auger spectroscopy can be used to determine the elemental analysis of a sample, either by analysis of the X-rays How It Works Figure 1 shows a schematic of the steps involved in the Auger effect. In step (a), an incoming energy source, which can be a beam of electrons or X-rays, knocks out a core electron (that is, an electron relatively close to the atomic nucleus). This creates an electronically excited atom, as indicated by the asterisk in the right side of step (a). Step (b) shows that an electron from an outer orbital moves down to fill the hole that the first electron left. This still leaves the atom electronically excited. The atom loses this additional energy by emitting an X-ray photon or ejecting an electron from an even higher shell with whatever excess kinetic energy is necessary, leaving behind a (temporarily) 2+-charged ion, as shown in step (c). Figure 1: The steps in the Auger spectroscopy process. http://www.spectroscopyonline.com Table of Contents for the Digital Edition of Spectroscopy - June 2009 Spectroscopy - June 2009 Contents News Spectrum Auger Spectroscopy Statistics and Chemometrics for Clinical Data Reporting, Part 1 Understanding and Interpreting the New GAMP 5 Software Categories Current Status of Standoff LIBS Security Applications at the United States Army Research Laboratory Spectral Studies on the Interaction of [Ru(bpy)2(BTIP)]2+ with DNA and Determination of Nucleic Acids at Nanogram Levels Product Resources Calendar Ad Index Spectroscopy - June 2009 Spectroscopy - June 2009 - (Page BB1) Spectroscopy - June 2009 - (Page BB2) Spectroscopy - June 2009 - Spectroscopy - June 2009 (Page Cover1) Spectroscopy - June 2009 - Spectroscopy - June 2009 (Page Cover2) Spectroscopy - June 2009 - Spectroscopy - June 2009 (Page 3) Spectroscopy - June 2009 - Spectroscopy - June 2009 (Page 4) Spectroscopy - June 2009 - Spectroscopy - June 2009 (Page 5) Spectroscopy - June 2009 - Spectroscopy - June 2009 (Page 6) Spectroscopy - June 2009 - Spectroscopy - June 2009 (Page 7) Spectroscopy - June 2009 - Contents (Page 8) Spectroscopy - June 2009 - Contents (Page 9) Spectroscopy - June 2009 - Contents (Page 10) Spectroscopy - June 2009 - Contents (Page 11) Spectroscopy - June 2009 - News Spectrum (Page 12) Spectroscopy - June 2009 - News Spectrum (Page 13) Spectroscopy - June 2009 - Auger Spectroscopy (Page 14) Spectroscopy - June 2009 - Auger Spectroscopy (Page 15) Spectroscopy - June 2009 - Auger Spectroscopy (Page 16) Spectroscopy - June 2009 - Auger Spectroscopy (Page 17) Spectroscopy - June 2009 - Statistics and Chemometrics for Clinical Data Reporting, Part 1 (Page 18) Spectroscopy - June 2009 - Statistics and Chemometrics for Clinical Data Reporting, Part 1 (Page 19) Spectroscopy - June 2009 - Statistics and Chemometrics for Clinical Data Reporting, Part 1 (Page 20) Spectroscopy - June 2009 - Statistics and Chemometrics for Clinical Data Reporting, Part 1 (Page 21) Spectroscopy - June 2009 - Understanding and Interpreting the New GAMP 5 Software Categories (Page 22) Spectroscopy - June 2009 - Understanding and Interpreting the New GAMP 5 Software Categories (Page 23) Spectroscopy - June 2009 - Understanding and Interpreting the New GAMP 5 Software Categories (Page 24) Spectroscopy - June 2009 - Understanding and Interpreting the New GAMP 5 Software Categories (Page 25) Spectroscopy - June 2009 - Understanding and Interpreting the New GAMP 5 Software Categories (Page 26) Spectroscopy - June 2009 - Understanding and Interpreting the New GAMP 5 Software Categories (Page 27) Spectroscopy - June 2009 - Understanding and Interpreting the New GAMP 5 Software Categories (Page 28) Spectroscopy - June 2009 - Understanding and Interpreting the New GAMP 5 Software Categories (Page 29) Spectroscopy - June 2009 - Understanding and Interpreting the New GAMP 5 Software Categories (Page 30) Spectroscopy - June 2009 - Understanding and Interpreting the New GAMP 5 Software Categories (Page 31) Spectroscopy - June 2009 - Current Status of Standoff LIBS Security Applications at the United States Army Research Laboratory (Page 32) Spectroscopy - June 2009 - Current Status of Standoff LIBS Security Applications at the United States Army Research Laboratory (Page 33) Spectroscopy - June 2009 - Current Status of Standoff LIBS Security Applications at the United States Army Research Laboratory (Page 34) Spectroscopy - June 2009 - Current Status of Standoff LIBS Security Applications at the United States Army Research Laboratory (Page 35) Spectroscopy - June 2009 - Current Status of Standoff LIBS Security Applications at the United States Army Research Laboratory (Page 36) Spectroscopy - June 2009 - Current Status of Standoff LIBS Security Applications at the United States Army Research Laboratory (Page 37) Spectroscopy - June 2009 - Current Status of Standoff LIBS Security Applications at the United States Army Research Laboratory (Page 38) Spectroscopy - June 2009 - Spectral Studies on the Interaction of [Ru(bpy)2(BTIP)]2+ with DNA and Determination of Nucleic Acids at Nanogram Levels (Page 39) Spectroscopy - June 2009 - Spectral Studies on the Interaction of [Ru(bpy)2(BTIP)]2+ with DNA and Determination of Nucleic Acids at Nanogram Levels (Page 40) Spectroscopy - June 2009 - Spectral Studies on the Interaction of [Ru(bpy)2(BTIP)]2+ with DNA and Determination of Nucleic Acids at Nanogram Levels (Page 41) Spectroscopy - June 2009 - Spectral Studies on the Interaction of [Ru(bpy)2(BTIP)]2+ with DNA and Determination of Nucleic Acids at Nanogram Levels (Page 42) Spectroscopy - June 2009 - Spectral Studies on the Interaction of [Ru(bpy)2(BTIP)]2+ with DNA and Determination of Nucleic Acids at Nanogram Levels (Page 43) Spectroscopy - June 2009 - Spectral Studies on the Interaction of [Ru(bpy)2(BTIP)]2+ with DNA and Determination of Nucleic Acids at Nanogram Levels (Page 44) Spectroscopy - June 2009 - Product Resources (Page 45) Spectroscopy - June 2009 - Product Resources (Page 46) Spectroscopy - June 2009 - Product Resources (Page 47) Spectroscopy - June 2009 - Calendar (Page 48) Spectroscopy - 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